B-G.07: Methylation profile analysis of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma mali' infected apple leaves
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Apple proliferation (AP) disease, caused by 'Candidatus Phytoplasma mali', represents one of the most significant threats to apple (Malus domestica) cultivation. The pathogen is a phloem-limited, cell wall–less bacterium transmitted primarily by psyllid vectors. AP disease presents itself as a wide range of symptoms including the characteristic rosettes, witches' brooms, and enlarged stipules, as well as more general symptoms like leaf yellowing or reddening, reduced growth, and undesirable fruits.
In this study, we focused on the methylation profile of the host plant, M. domestica, to better understand host responses to infection. DNA methylation studies have recently emerged as an important field for advancing our understanding of plant–pathogen interactions. A set of infected apple trees was selected, and both symptomatic and asymptomatic leaves were collected from each plant. Infection was confirmed by PCR analysis of genomic DNA extracted from root tissues.
Subsequently, DNA samples were subjected to bisulfite treatment, sequencing libraries were prepared, and high-throughput Next Generation Sequencing was performed. Here, we present a bioinformatic pipeline for the analysis of DNA methylation profiles in infected apple plants, providing insights into epigenetic changes associated with 'Ca. P. mali' infection.
The analysis workflow comprised quality control, read trimming, and mapping to the reference genome and corresponding annotation. Furthermore, statistical analysis of the different genomic elements of M. domestica were conducted on CpG, CHG and CHH methylation. This approach should help to understand the influence of DNA methylation patterns on the manifestation of symptoms in apple trees.
Co-authors: Sara Bortolini, Luca Fontanesi, Mattia Tabarelli, Cameron Cullinan, Cecilia Mittelberger, Katrin Janik
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